Casting Shadows

shadows

โ€œWhen small men begin to cast big shadows, it means the sun is about to set.โ€ โ€” Lin Yutang

It’s been 10 years since I first stepped into venture. Yet still, while I know more, have met more people, and have experienced more, and when I look back, I pity the knowledge and experience I had a decade prior… yet despite all that, I know I have still so much work to do.

This essay was born from many conversations over the years, but especially so, in the past few months, where I’ve witnessed conversation after conversation that follows the theme of:

“Have you met X?”

“I have.”

“What do you think of X?”

“X feels far smarter online than X is in reality. After meeting X, where I anticipated so much, I was only let down.”

Never meet your heroes, they say.

In venture, we live in a world where the average VC brags more about “being a part of the journey” or “excited to support” a founder they backed than actually doing the work. It’s no wonder that 70% of VCs add no value (though 15% more add “negative value”). But it is far easier to say the part, look the part, than do the part. With SpaceX and OpenAI’s IPO today, Anthropic’s tomorrow, and Databricks, Anduril, who knows what, the day after, we will find many more VCs congratulating themselves, raising larger vehicles, and casting larger shadows.

In an unreleased interview with a GP I really admire, she told me an anecdote of a founder she knows well. “All of my early stage investors made out like bandits with my huge exit, and I never got a thank you. All I saw was them talk about how they discovered me and how they had such a big role to play in my success. But no one said, thank you for returning my fund 10 times over. And here’s a token of appreciation, whatever the appreciation is.” Which echoes the growing sentiment in the ecosystem.

And here’s my own self-reflection.

I hope that I cast no greater of a shadow than my beliefs, thoughts, and remarks would allow. And I hope still that I have the humility to cast a smaller shadow than I would ever be allowed to.

People measure shadows by the potential and impact someone may have. I have a friend who turned 30 recently. And when we sat down to chat, he told me that people were no longer telling him that he has potential. And one of his greatest fears is that people only see the person he is today for who he is today, and no longer the person he will be tomorrow. That pressure, more than anything, meant he was no longer “young.” I don’t think anyone ever loses their potential as a function of age. I have friends double my age, still learning every day, faster and more studious than people half of theirs. To me, that is still potential.

And here I hope that the shadow I’m capable of casting is underestimated than overestimated. But at least to myself, I hope I never underestimate myself.

โ€œAfter Iโ€™m dead, I would much rather have men ask why I have no monument than why I have one.โ€ โ€” Cato

Photo by Pete Walls on Unsplash


Stay up to date with the weekly cup of cognitive adventures inside venture capital and startups, as well as cataloging the history of tomorrow through the bookmarks of yesterday!


The views expressed on this blogpost are for informational purposes only. None of the views expressed herein constitute legal, investment, business, or tax advice. Any allusions or references to funds or companies are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be relied upon as investment recommendations. Consult a professional investment advisor prior to making any investment decisions.

What is the Density of your Founder NPS? | El Pack w/ Charlotte Zhang | Superclusters

charlotte zhang

โ€œWeโ€™re going into a world where there will be an increase in inequality in terms of the haveโ€™s versus have-notโ€™s. And so if you are invested in some of the haveโ€™s, I would actually bet on their acceleration of value aggregation in the later stages of scaling which is why I, personally, think a winning strategy is to hold onto them for as long as possible.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

Charlotte Zhang from Inatai Foundation is back! And if you’ve tuned into her first episode on Superclusters, you’ll know exactly why. Charlotte has been one of my favorite guests on the podcast, marrying both her profound ability for deep analysis with strong framework-oriented assessments. You might remember her 4 P’s to underwriting every manager from our prior episode.

Naturally I had to have her back for an El Pack episode to answer your questions on how to build a venture capital fund. We bring on 3 GPs at VC funds to ask 3 different questions.

99VC’s Lisa Yu asks about what LPs look for in Fund I’s beyond track record.

Escape Velocity’s Mahesh Ramakrishnan asks about recycling and what happens when you have 30% of your fund size as distributions in the first few years of the fund.

Founder Embassy’s Helena Gagern asks about investing in AI frontier labs where the first round of financing already puts the company at $400M+ in valuation. And also, how do you communicate to LPs that you have an “exceptionalism” bucket to invest out of?

As the director of investments at Inatai Foundation, Charlotte Zhang oversees the selection of external investment managers, conducts portfolio research, and helps to institutionalize processes, tools, and resources. She previously served as a senior associate at ICONIQ Capital and, before that, Medley Partners. When not working, you can find her globetrotting (18 countries and counting), writing a Yelp review about the best bite in town, or cuddling up with a book and her two adorable cats.

You can find Charlotte on her LinkedIn here:
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/charlotterzhang/

Listen to the episode onย Apple Podcastsย andย Spotify. You can alsoย watch the episode on YouTube here.

OUTLINE:

(00:00) Intro
(01:04) What’s new in Charlotte’s life?
(04:06) LPs Charlotte would love to meet
(05:41) Who is Lisa and 99VC?
(09:31) What qualities does Charlotte look for beyond track record?
(14:55) How does a GP know if they have a differentiated strategy?
(15:49) Charlotte’s pet peeve
(17:29) The bottoms up exercise of building a fund strategy
(18:00) Consistency of execution
(20:05) The highest level of signal you can get from a founder reference
(22:18) The ask
(22:51) Who is better at bowling: Mahesh or David?
(24:44) Who is Mahesh and Escape Velocity?
(25:20) Why is Escape Velocity spelled as EV^3?
(27:10) What happens when you have 30% DPI in the first 2 years of your fund?
(30:19) Does early DPI matter more in Fund I than Fund III?
(33:26) Should you sell secondaries at the Series B as a pre-seed/seed GP?
(37:34) Venture is under siege for no DPI
(38:18) Would Charlotte rather have 4X in 10 years or 7X in 15 years?
(39:42) Have’s and have-not’s
(40:35) Who is Helena and Founder Embassy?
(44:45) What is Charlotte’s reaction when a pre-seed GP invests in a $400M post valuation?
(49:23) How do the best GPs communicate betting off-thesis?
(50:44) How many GPs have an “exceptionalism” bucket to invest out of?
(55:56) How much underwriting goes into a GP breaking the rules?
(58:10) “A-players are obvious” but what isn’t?
(1:00:38) Charlotte’s last piece of advice for LPs
(1:03:43) Charlotte’s last piece of advice for GPs
(1:07:18) Why you should talk about the anti-portfolio
(1:09:33) David’s favorite moment from Charlotte’s previous episode

SELECT LINKS FROM THIS EPISODE:

SELECT QUOTES FROM THIS EPISODE:

โ€œIn venture capital, although the top quartile of emerging managers outperforms the established funds. On average, you would actually be better off investing in established funds than in an emerging manager because the dispersion of returns is so much wider in emerging managers.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

โ€œBecause incumbent brands create access flywheels, the most important thing for an emerging manager is having a clearly differentiated strategy. Otherwise, itโ€™s fighting an unwinnable war.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

โ€œInvestment strategies are simply financial products serving the market of what founders and management teams in businesses need.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

โ€œThe best founders will know who the best VCs are.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

โ€œItโ€™s all about the density of the NPS you have amongst the best talent. Of course, if they have a good experience with you, theyโ€™re more likely to refer others they think highly of to you. And thatโ€™s the reason why it becomes a leading indicator and therefore, a self-fulfilling prophecy as to who rises to the top.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

โ€œItโ€™s actually a higher signal to me if itโ€™s someone referring you that didnโ€™t take money from you.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

โ€œWhen weโ€™re conducting diligence as an LP, you should be looking under the rocks where you are more likely to find disproving evidence.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

โ€œIf [venture] does not produce any realized returns, how will it be self-funding? And how can you continue pacing sustainably into this asset class?โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang

โ€œWeโ€™re going into a world where there will be an increase in inequality in terms of the haveโ€™s versus have-notโ€™s. And so if you are invested in some of the haveโ€™s, I would actually bet on their acceleration of value aggregation in the later stages of scaling which is why I, personally, think a winning strategy is to hold onto them for as long as possible.โ€ โ€” Charlotte Zhang


Follow David Zhou for more Superclusters content:
For podcast show notes: https://cupofzhou.com/superclusters
For Superclusters After Hours: โ https://superclusterslp.substack.com/โ 
Follow David Zhou’s blog: https://cupofzhou.com
Follow Superclusters on Twitter: https://twitter.com/SuperclustersLP


Stay up to date with the weekly cup of cognitive adventures inside venture capital and startups, as well as cataloging the history of tomorrow through the bookmarks of yesterday!


The views expressed on this blogpost are for informational purposes only. None of the views expressed herein constitute legal, investment, business, or tax advice. Any allusions or references to funds or companies are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be relied upon as investment recommendations. Consult a professional investment advisor prior to making any investment decisions.

Intro Policy Pt 2

I wrote this piece last year on how I’ve evolved my thinking on intros. And while not my most popular post by a long margin, it is something I do forward to others who ask for intros.

Now, despite that, people still ask for intros. And so at the risk of sounding like an a-hole, I’m going to say something that may offend a lot of people who know me.

Just because you make an intro between someone and me doesn’t mean I will automatically make an intro for you.

Few things to clarify:

1/ First off, I’m genuinely grateful for all intros. Whether it’s to someone you’ve known for a long time, or someone you just met yesterday, or someone you deeply respect, I’m honored that someone else is thinking of me when the intros are made. I will never take that for granted.

2/ I get the “you scratch my back, I scratch yours” mentality. But:

  • Not all intros are created equal. Not all relationships are created equal. Introing me to someone you met yesterday does not give you the equivalent political capital for me to intro you to someone who, whether I know them well or not, is someone most people seek to meet. Just because a friend made an intro between a stranger they met at the bar last night doesn’t mean they’re allowed to ask an intro to your sister to date her. Obviously, I’m exaggerating a bit, but I wanted to drive the point home.
  • People are not commodities. I don’t trade people like I trade my stocks. I will naturally make an intro if I know both parties are looking for each other, or at least topics, skillsets, or experiences that the other party has.
  • If you make a great intro, I will of course:
    (a) Report back to you and thank you for the intro.
    (b) Find other ways to thank you beyond words.

The whole reason I’m writing this post in the first place is that a few bad eggs recently spoiled the entire carton. I had a few exchanges recently where certain individuals felt justified to ask for, and hell, take it a step further and demand, intros to certain reputable individuals I know because they made “that intro for you last year.” Which I admittedly felt it wasn’t worth continuing the conversation with the person they made an intro to within 15 minutes of our chat.

Most of you are not the above character. I get it. But I also felt the need to get the above off my chest and use it as a future artifact when the situation arises again.

Thanks for reading my ramble. Truly.


    Stay up to date with the weekly cup of cognitive adventures inside venture capital and startups, as well as cataloging the history of tomorrow through the bookmarks of yesterday!


    The views expressed on this blogpost are for informational purposes only. None of the views expressed herein constitute legal, investment, business, or tax advice. Any allusions or references to funds or companies are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be relied upon as investment recommendations. Consult a professional investment advisor prior to making any investment decisions.

    “You don’t have enough dopamine in your pitch!” | El Pack w/ Asher Siddiqui | Superclusters

    asher siddiqui

    โ€œHow you modulate a good story is by inserting dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, and endorphins at the right times to be able to deliver that story so that the person listening to that story can form an opinion.โ€ โ€” Asher Siddiqui

    Asher Siddiqui from the Song Family Office joins me on El Pack to answer your questions on how to build a venture capital fund. We bring on 3 GPs at VC funds to ask 3 different questions.

    Inuka Capital’s Gautam Shewakramani asks about what GPs typically overshare and under-share when they’re pitching an LP. As well as how an LP identifies if a GP has great sourcing if they’re a generalist fund.

    Unshackled Venture’s Manan Mehta asks if VC is still only one asset class. Is early stage now a combination of discovery and validation capital?

    Keymaker VC’s Tim Wang asks what do most LPs overvalue in GPs.

    Asher Siddiqui is a global tech investor, M&A dealmaker, and venture fund builder with over 25 years of hands-on experience across venture capital, entrepreneurship, and more than $15B in executed M&A transactions.

    He began his career as a software engineer and entrepreneur in the US and UK before spending a decade leading M&A and corporate venture at Etisalat Group (now e& Group), one of the worldโ€™s largest listed TMT investment groups. There, he led acquisitions, exits, and strategic transactions across multiple continents.

    In 2016, Asher joined the global leadership team at 500 Startups in San Francisco, helping scale the platform to $2B+ AUM, with a portfolio that includes 35+ unicorns and 160+ centaurs.

    Since then, he has helped launch and scale several institutional VC firmsโ€”including Race Capital, Lumikai, Sukna Ventures, Zayn VC, and Humanrace Capitalโ€”and serves on the advisory boards of funds such as FootPrint Coalition Ventures, Merus Capital, and The Treasury.

    To date, Asher has made 100+ venture investments (both direct and LP), raised hundreds of millions in LP commitments, mentored hundreds of emerging VC managers globally, and advised countless founders.

    You can find Asher on his socials here:
    LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ashersiddiqui/
    X / Twitter: https://x.com/ashercdkey

    Listen to the episode onย Apple Podcastsย andย Spotify. You can alsoย watch the episode on YouTube here.

    OUTLINE:

    (00:00) Intro
    (02:09) The DOSE framework for underwriting pitches
    (04:19) Asher’s new role
    (05:38) Who is Gautam and Inuka Capital?
    (09:19) What do most GPs overshare and undershare on?
    (15:19) How does Asher differentiate sourcing ability in generalist funds?
    (20:01) The first date analogy
    (22:38) What emotions do each of DOSE represent?
    (27:23) Too much dopamine, not enough endorphins
    (30:02) Who is Manan and Unshackled Ventures?
    (31:33) Unshackled’s most recent big win
    (32:46) Discovery capital vs validation capital
    (33:31) Is venture still only one asset class?
    (43:29) The Song Family Office portfolio construction
    (51:41) Asher’s stance on reserves
    (55:00) Why it makes sense to go to zero AGMs
    (56:23) The ask
    (57:27) Who is Tim and Keymaker VC?
    (58:45) What do most LPs overvalue in GPs?
    (1:04:40) A new way to share the team’s personality on the deck?
    (1:08:09) Asher’s last piece of advice
    (1:14:57) David’s favorite moment of Asher in S5

    SELECT LINKS FROM THIS EPISODE:

    SELECT QUOTES FROM THIS EPISODE:

    โ€œโ€œHappiness is amazing. Itโ€™s so amazing it doesnโ€™t matter if itโ€™s yours or not. A society grows great when old men plant trees the shade of which they know they will never sit in.โ€ โ€” from Ricky Gervaisโ€™ After Life

    โ€œHow you modulate [a good story] is by inserting dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, and endorphins at the right times to be able to deliver that story so that the person listening to that story can form an opinion.โ€ โ€” Asher Siddiqui

    โ€œThereโ€™s no point of perfect information, especially in venture, where you say โ€˜I have enough informationโ€™, this is the thesis, the timing is nowโ€”… No, thereโ€™s a lot of belief involved.โ€ โ€” Asher Siddiqui


    Follow David Zhou for more Superclusters content:
    For podcast show notes: https://cupofzhou.com/superclusters
    For Superclusters After Hours: โ https://superclusterslp.substack.com/โ 
    Follow David Zhou’s blog: https://cupofzhou.com
    Follow Superclusters on Twitter: https://twitter.com/SuperclustersLP


    Stay up to date with the weekly cup of cognitive adventures inside venture capital and startups, as well as cataloging the history of tomorrow through the bookmarks of yesterday!


    The views expressed on this blogpost are for informational purposes only. None of the views expressed herein constitute legal, investment, business, or tax advice. Any allusions or references to funds or companies are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be relied upon as investment recommendations. Consult a professional investment advisor prior to making any investment decisions.

    12 Types of LPs

    I just shared this verbally on a podcast and a talk recently, and realized while I’ve shared this friends, I’ve never shared it publicly explicitly or made a graphic for it.

    What is it? And this was helpful when I was in IR, but also hopefully helpful as a GP pitching LPs, what are the types of LPs that exist?

    I never really liked the line, “If you know one family office, you only know one.” Or if you know 1 LP, you only know one.” Probably true in a lot of circumstances, but feels odd that there are 100,000+ types of family offices or LPs.

    Short blogpost, but I’ll probably elaborate on each in a future one, but sometimes a picture speaks a thousand words.

    This is not all-inclusive, just like Myers-Briggs or OCEAN/Big 5 or the enneagram isn’t. But hopefully a good orienting framework in the first few meetings with LPs.

    I borrowed a little bit of the nomenclature my buddy Matt Curtolo used as my original segmentation of LP archetypes was not as well-worded.

    X-axis is if they own / create the wealth or not. Y-axis is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

    P.S. This is not a framework you brag about to your LPs. You don’t tell any LPs how they’re bucketed. Just like you as the GP don’t like to get bucketed, no LP wants to. But in this case, when fundraising, you need to eat your ego.

    P.P.S. Honestly, you should probably eat your ego while investing, but no one usually listens to this latter comment.


      Stay up to date with the weekly cup of cognitive adventures inside venture capital and startups, as well as cataloging the history of tomorrow through the bookmarks of yesterday!


      The views expressed on this blogpost are for informational purposes only. None of the views expressed herein constitute legal, investment, business, or tax advice. Any allusions or references to funds or companies are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be relied upon as investment recommendations. Consult a professional investment advisor prior to making any investment decisions.

      The Hardest Fund I to Underwrite | Zach Ruchman | Superclusters | S7E7

      zach ruchman

      โ€œThe question at Fund IV is, โ€˜Okay, youโ€™ve proved that youโ€™re a great firm builder. Congratulations, youโ€™re raising Fund IV. Are you still a great investor?โ€™โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      Zach Ruchman joined HB Wealth in 2025 as a Shareholder after working with WMS Partners since 2023. In his role as Managing Director, Private Markets, Zach leads the team responsible for research and due diligence of private market investment opportunities across a variety of asset classes, including private equity, growth equity, venture capital, private credit, infrastructure, and real assets.

      Before joining HB Wealth, Zach was a Senior Vice President at RockCreek and a Vice President at BlackRock, where he led direct co-investment transactions as well as manager research for both primary and secondary commitments in the Americas, Europe, and Asia on behalf of both institutional and family office clients. He began his career as a consultant with Alvarez & Marsal. In this episode, we also talk about how he worked out of the National Democratic Institute’s DC office writing grants and tracking political regimes in the Middle East, including the Arab Spring.

      In the community, Zach serves as a member of the finance committee for the Howard and Geraldine Polinger Family Foundation.

      You can find Zach on his socials here:
      LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/zruchman/
      X / Twitter: https://x.com/zmrphoto

      Listen to the episode on Apple Podcasts and Spotify. You can also watch the episode on YouTube here.

      I’m also including my reactions to Zach’s comments here.

      OUTLINE:

      (00:00) Intro
      (03:04) When 9/11 entered Zach’s life
      (12:20) Interest in the Middle East
      (15:00) Returning to the US
      (17:49) What’s in the foreign service exam?
      (22:29) From pursuing the state department to consulting
      (25:39) Consulting to allocating
      (32:20) Business school and mentors
      (36:34) The ask
      (37:07) How Zach makes re-up decisions?
      (40:15) The difference between a Fund I and Fund IV
      (43:26) Alignment between senior and mid-level investors
      (45:33) Deal attribution at big VCs
      (46:40) Questions to ask to references to find deal attribution
      (49:12) Avoiding a reference’s scripted answer
      (52:14) Top 1% performers leaving organizations
      (53:45) The hardest Fund I to underwrite
      (1:00:57) Does radical transparency work?
      (1:06:15) “Private assets work best when they’re inefficient.”
      (1:09:20) Does AI change VC investing?
      (1:11:33) Sourcing that AI cannot do
      (1:14:26) Can AI write good memos?
      (1:19:11) Pattern vs exception recognition
      (1:25:03) An example of how a GP proved he worked hard
      (1:28:00) Best advice for action photography

      SELECT LINKS FROM THIS EPISODE:

      SELECT QUOTES FROM THIS EPISODE:

      โ€œConsulting is almost like the liberal arts degree for the beginning of your career. You get to see a tremendous number of different business problems in a tremendous of different geographies. Itโ€™s like you have distribution requirements for your career.โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      โ€œThere are plenty of great investors that are not great firm builders.โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      โ€œThe question at Fund IV is, โ€˜Okay, youโ€™ve proved that youโ€™re a great firm builder. Congratulations, youโ€™re raising Fund IV. Are you still a great investor?โ€™โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      โ€œIf it was as easy as, โ€˜Hey GP, send your attribution spreadsheet,โ€™ and I say, โ€˜Ok, great, thatโ€™s the attribution,โ€™ my job would be so easy.โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      โ€œIf that person is an on-sheet reference for a spinout firm, the question then is, โ€˜Ok, you have a great relationship with this person, did you really do the deal with the person because you liked the person so much and you thought they were bringing something of value to you and that their money was a little greener than everyone elseโ€™s because there was a value-add or was it you really liked the name on the back side of the business cardโ€”the name of the firm?โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      โ€œThe hardest Fund I to underwrite is a brand new team. The easiest thing to underwrite is a team that lifts up together.โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      โ€œPrivate assets work best when theyโ€™re inefficient.โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      โ€œThe more money you have going at a limited opportunity set, the more the perfectly priced that opportunity set will be.โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman

      โ€œAI is only going to write what you tell it to write. So an AI memo is only going to be as thoughtful as the reasoning that you put into it, at least here in 2026.โ€ โ€” Zach Ruchman


      Follow David Zhou for more Superclusters content:
      For podcast show notes: https://cupofzhou.com/superclusters
      For Superclusters After Hours: โ https://superclusterslp.substack.com/โ 
      Follow David Zhou’s blog: https://cupofzhou.com
      Follow Superclusters on Twitter: https://twitter.com/SuperclustersLP


      Stay up to date with the weekly cup of cognitive adventures inside venture capital and startups, as well as cataloging the history of tomorrow through the bookmarks of yesterday!


      The views expressed on this blogpost are for informational purposes only. None of the views expressed herein constitute legal, investment, business, or tax advice. Any allusions or references to funds or companies are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be relied upon as investment recommendations. Consult a professional investment advisor prior to making any investment decisions.