The ideal situation for a GP is that you have a single close. All LPs who are interested all confirm their participation by the same deadline. And all wires for the first capital call come in at the same time. It’s the utopia. Unfortunately, reality isn’t as picturesque. The truth is the vast majority of LPs wait till the final close, and as long as you have multiple closes, there is no urgency to commit by a certain date.
In fact, it’s almost always better to commit as late as you can if there are multiple closes. Investing in funds is investing in a blind pool of human potential. The blindness scares and humbles many allocators. It is in our interest to invest in the least blind pool of potential possible. And usually, when there are multiple closes, the GP(s) start deploying before the fund closes. So if you come in at the end, you at least get to see 10-20% of the portfolio. Sometimes more, as most LPA clauses stipulate that the final close must happen within 12-18 months from initial close. Of course, you can always move that date via LP votes or just not having that clause in the LPA in the first place.
| Single Close | Multiple Closes | |
| LP Network | Robust | Weak |
| LP Check Size | Large | Small |
| # of Checks | Few (most of the time) | Many (first close is usually existing LPs/friends and/or anchor) |
| Deployment | Deploys after the close | Can deploy after the first close (while still fundraising for the rest of the fund) |
With single closes, while it helps to get it all one and done, you can’t deploy until you’ve closed. If your network with LPs and your trust with those respective LPs isn’t great, it’s more risky to go for a single close. Many LPs also have different timelines. So, instituting a single close means you need to be firm and align LPs on your timeline. It helps if you have a few large chunks that cover more than 50% of the fund before you set a close date.
With multiple closes, the good news is that you leave the door open for LPs who run processes on their own timelines. And that you can deploy as you’re still fundraising, as long as you get past the first close. The downside is that there’s no urgency for anyone to come in before the final close. It’s better if you don’t have a network of strong LPs, which pertains to the vast majority of first-time fund managers.
So, what to do?
Let’s get the single close strategy out of the way first. First of all, to do this, you need to come from a place of privilege. You must have a large amount of market pull. LPs who are dying to give you money. And for better or worse, not that you have to take them, people who would give you a blank check. Although, as a footnote, beware of the blank checks. More often than not, they’re easily disappointed.
You must have a strict process. And LPs need to self-select themselves in or out of the process very early in the process. Most important part of this, which is often a really hard thing to do for a lot of first-time GPs, you need to be intellectually honest with yourself if an LP is a fit for you or not. Your job is to figure that out before the LPs figure it out. And as soon as you do, you need to “fire” that prospective LP before they tell you no.
For that, even though you may lose the potential of a transaction, in my experience, you often win their respect.
Assuming what the LP invests in is what you are offering, manage your drip campaign well. Do your best to throttle opportunistic asks that deviate from your process. But do so with grace. And I can’t underscore grace enough.
Some things I’ve seen in the past for funds who can close a fund in a single close (none of the below are the Bible, but hopefully tools for the toolkit):
- The deck is never sent out before the first meeting.
- If the deck is sent out before the first meeting, it is either only a teaser deck (less than five slides) or the GP/IR team says something along the lines of: “If we don’t hear back from you within three days, we will assume our fund is out of scope, and will prioritize our time with other investors.”
- The data room opens up on a very specific date. None get access to it before (except for existing LPAC members, and sometimes existing LPs who’ve indicated early interest).
- The data room closes on a very specific date. No one will get access to it after. The sub docs need to all be signed within a week or two after.
- No additional calls with LPs unless they can commit a meaningful check to the fund. Usually double digit percentage of the fund size.
- LPs get little to no additional asks. No side letters.
- Communication from the GP/IR team throughout every step of the way is paramount.
Again, a single close is a privilege. And a power. And with great power comes great responsibility, as a wise old uncle once told a budding superhero.
Ok, multiple closes. I often treat Fund I’s different from the other funds. One of the few major differences is that you don’t have existing LPs. Instead, you have friends and family and people who’ve believed in you before. Nevertheless, early momentum is always a good thing to have before you officially open up the fundraise.
The first close is ideally the minimum viable fund size for you to deploy your strategy and/or the fund size you need to prove out the minimum viable assumption before you raise your next fund. It’s helpful to assume you won’t be able to raise anymore after the first close. While usually not true, but nevertheless, a useful mentality. Most GPs close too small of a first close that still constrains them from truly deploying their strategy. For instance, for Costanoa Ventures Fund I in 2012, the first close was at $40-50M on June 7th, 2012, but ended up at $100M at the final close.
For each of the closes, I generally wouldn’t recommend different economic terms, like reduced fees for earlier LPs. I get the incentives. But two reasons:
- LPs talk. It’s usually not a good look among LPs if they know that other people at your AGM got better terms than they did.
- You’re discounting your value. If you’re investing in an asset class that’s truly transformative and you truly have better access than others, don’t short sell yourself.
That said, I do believe you should reward early believers. Either for those that come in via Fund I or first or second closes. Or both.
Many LPs especially high net-worth individuals (HNWIs), family offices and corporates love co-investment opportunities. Realistically, these will be 90-100% of your Fund I LPs. Leverage that. For instance, first-close LPs get unfiltered access to SPVs/co-investment opportunities. Maybe, opportunistic intros to portfolio companies as well. Second-close LPs get access to all SPVs, but are capped on allocation, assuming the opportunity is oversubscribed. Final-close LPs get last pick.
If you’re raising a Fund II+, first-close LPs can be given SPV access to deals coming out of earlier funds as well. Although, use this strategically so that your Fund I LPs won’t feel slighted.
As you might surmise already, there is no one right answer. Oftentimes, it’s a function of who you know, how quickly they commit, and how obvious you are to them. “Obviousness” is a product of track record, your brand, the quality of your reference checks, and obviously, how complex your story is.
And there will always be exceptions. 🙂
Photo by Etienne Girardet on Unsplash
4/13/2025 Edit: Example of Costanoa Ventures’ first close
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The views expressed on this blogpost are for informational purposes only. None of the views expressed herein constitute legal, investment, business, or tax advice. Any allusions or references to funds or companies are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be relied upon as investment recommendations. Consult a professional investment advisor prior to making any investment decisions.
